Caring for a Digital Camera

With the development of this technology now, the various products offered dipasar. One example is a digital camera. Despite no longer a luxury but still many people who understood how to use less. But if there is a way mengetahu not use a few of them know how to treat the camera digitalnyaagar avoid damage and long-lived. . Following treatment tips camera to work well and the maximum and long-lived.
1. Avoid direct contact with sunlight.
Keep your digital camera to be sunburned or exposed to direct sunlight and excessive. For heat tinggidapat damage to parts of the camera made of plastic and rubber and other electronic components.
2. Keep your digital camera to avoid excessive shock.
Do not forget to put it in taskhusus camera, to avoid excessive shocks to the external environment and impact among the equipment.
3. Clean the camera and lens.
The camera should be cleaned once a week or regularly and periodically. To use the physical camera dry lap bersihdan not that rough. Meanwhile, in the elements and the small, use a blower or blower ditoko sold many of the camera.
4. Avoid scratches on the lens.
To avoid scratches, should have a lens filter thread attached at the front of it permanent. Filter into the public protector is the type of filter UV (ultraviolet) or skylight filter. Meanwhile, to avoid scratches on the back of the lens always try to install bodycup cover the lens when the camera is removed from the body.
5. Avoid the sea water.
Sea water is very evil and a potential cause of rust on the camera or other electronic devices. Unless specifically designed for sea water. If at any time, without deliberately tercebur your camera into the sea water directly into your camera rendam fresh water, and then bilaslah many times to remove the former sea water. And then brought immediately to the services of experts up to the camera.
6. Do not clean the lens often unduly or cleanthe inside if mildew.
Because the glass lens so sensitive. For the more often the result can be less than satisfactory picture quality.
7. do not store them in the wardrobe.
Because it can invite fungus attached to the lens of the camera.
8. avoid camphor.
For camphor was the most powerful destroyer of the camera, which can wipe nyeka-camera and the camera that based rubber.
In the electronic camera camphor can damage the line on PCB (printed circuit board) that is where the chip-chip camera mounted and some elements of the chip itself. Even steam camphoric also can disfigure and make flek on the lens.

A music consultant

A music consultant is the person to see for information about the newest and best music, artists, etc. If you are looking for a certain type of music or certain artists, they help you to find what it is is that you are looking for, and teaching you how to navigate the music industry without a major headache. With a professional attitude to your business parts of the music page for your business, you will see excellent results and reduce your stress and workload.

a music business

Employee of a music business consultant to give you a fresh perspective on your business end of music industry can lead to saving you money in the long run. By making yourself and your company or office aware of the competition, the requirements, and above all the normal procedures of your business, you're preparing for your future success. Employee of a professional to help you achieve order and success is a good idea to implement in your company, as well as the precautions you updated on what is expected to smart business in the future.

A music industry

A music industry consultant can be found in most cities listed under music or music business in the yellow pages. These companies specialize in providing services to you, either as a performer or a person looking for a performer. If you are trying to find the next best number one singer, consulting them can get you some of the best musicians or artists, either local or long distance. They can bring you the latest information on industry and what is new, old, hot, or not worth your time. Saves you time is their main purpose and do it professionally, is their most important asset.

entertainment for the church

If you're looking for a simpler and less confusing or time-consuming way of providing entertainment for the church, business, or with friends these are a few ways some of the best performers, musicians, or actors. Why spend your precious time looking for something that a few people are able to provide you with lists in a moments notice. These are trained people who specialize in these special services to better help you and people from both ends of the music spectrum. Whether you're looking for the talent to rent or buy, or whether the talent you're looking for a job, these are the people to see:

DVD player for our HDTV

We just bought a Blue ray HD DVD player for our HDTV. After we got plugged, which has taken some time ... I, for one reason or another just realized that I had no HD movies for me to see about it. Well, I knew I wanted to see first and which was the Earth. So I'm on the internet and he bought an online store.

The bad thing is that I had to wait three days, but I've put myself twenty dollars, so it was worth the wait. So he came with several disks with about three to four episodes of Planet Earth on each disk. If you do not already know each episode of Planet Earth is an hour's time. So, once I put in the Earth from our point of view on HDTV, I went to the menu of the first disc for the first episode. As you can imagine it is quite amazing how well regarded the image.

All landscapes were full as can be in color and animals looked as if they were flowing across the screen as they moved. I was impressed both on how the Earth was filmed with a camera high definition. Some of the animals they film in the film as if they are right there beside them and animals are not even being disturbed by the way around. It is truly the most amazing documentary of this type. An episode that really impressed me of freshwater is one.

Earlier this year, it shows Angel ... the highest waterfall in the world. Then he begins to break from there and shows the extraordinary animals that live in freshwater environment. Another thing the planet Earth is how well it shows the view of the earth. Some shots are taken at high altitude on Earth, while others are from space showing the landscape and all around him. The space plans are also one of my favorite things to watch.

Of course, our HDTV, it seems that although possible, but it gives you a sense of how small the Earth really is but at the same time, when he spoke of certain circles, he believes that the world is very large. When you look at the Earth May you get an environment that they begin to talk about it just like you abroad. Some of the things that are in the environment look as if it was not true and you can not even imagine being in some of these places in real life.

A watch that really what I am talking about is the caves episode. Basically, what you watch is the underground world of the Earth. How are things in the form of the surface and the strange little creatures living in caves. It is really something that will be difficult for most people living on planet Earth to believe once they have seen some amazing animals that live on it. This documentary is truly amazing especially if they are on an HDTV!

Camcorder

A camcorder is a portable consumer electronics device for recording video and audio using a built-in recorder unit. The camcorder contains both a video camera and a video recorder in one unit, hence its compound name. This compares to previous technology where an acquisition and recording devices would be separate.

The earliest camcorders, developed by companies such as JVC, Sony, Canon, and Kodak, used analog videotape. Since the 1990s recording onto digital tape has become the norm. Starting from early 2000s tape as storage media is being gradually replaced with tape-free solutions like optical disks, hard disk drives and solid-state memory.

All tape-based camcorders have removable media in form of video cassettes. Solid-state camcorders can have either removable media in form of memory cards, or built-in memory, or both. HDD-based camcorders usually have non-removable media in form of a hard disk drive.

Camcorders that do not use magnetic tape are often called tapeless camcorders. Camcorders that use two different types of media, like built-in HDD and memory card, are often called hybrid camcorders. Some prosumer level tape and solid state camcorders can use compatible secondary media such as a hard drive or an optical drive that the camera's software will control, such as in the case of the Canon and Sony prosumer unit line.

Analog vs. digital

Camcorders are often classified by their storage device: VHS, Betamax, Video8 are examples of older, videotape-based camcorders which record video in analog form. Newer camcorders include Digital8, miniDV, DVD, Hard drive and solid-state (flash) semiconductor memory, which all record video in digital form. (Please see the digital video page for details.) In older digital camcorders, the imager-chip, the CCD was considered an analog component, so the digital namesake is in reference to the camcorder's processing and recording of the video. Many next generation camcorders use a CMOS imager, which register photons as binary data as soon as the photons hit the imager and thus tightly marrying part 2 and 3.

It should be noted that the take up of digital video storage in camcorders was an enormous milestone. MiniDV storage allows full resolution video (720x576 for PAL,720x480 for NTSC), unlike previous analogue video standards. Digital video doesn't experience colour bleeding, jitter, or fade, although some users still prefer the analog nature of Hi8 and Super VHS-C, since neither of these produce the "background blur" or "mosquito noise" of Digital compression. In many cases, a high-quality analog recording shows more detail (such as rough textures on a wall) than a compressed digital recording (which would show the same wall as flat and featureless). Although, the low resolution of analogue camcorders may negate any such benefits.

The highest-quality digital formats, such as MiniDV and Digital Betacam, have the advantage over analog of suffering little generation loss in recording, dubbing, and editing (MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 do suffer from generation loss in the editing process only). Whereas noise and bandwidth issues relating to cables, amplifiers, and mixers can greatly affect analog recordings, such problems are minimal in digital formats using digital connections (generally IEEE 1394, SDI/SDTI, or HDMI).

Although both analog and digital can suffer from archival problems, digital is more prone to complete loss. Theoretically digital information can be stored indefinitely with zero deterioration on a digital storage device (such as a hard drive), however since some digital formats (like miniDV) often squeeze tracks only ~10 micrometers apart (versus ~500 μm for VHS), a digital recording is more vulnerable to wrinkles or stretches in the tape that could permanently erase several scenes worth of digital data, but the additions tracking and error correction code on the tape will generally compensate for most defects. On analog media similar damage barely registers as "noise" in the video, still leaving a deteriorated but watchable video. The only limitation is that this video has to be played on a completely analogue viewing system, otherwise the tape will not display any video due to the damage and sync problems. Even digital recordings on DVD are known to suffer from DVD rot that permanently erase huge chunks of data. Thus the one advantage analog seems to have in this respect is that an analog recording may be "usable" even after the media it is stored on has suffered severe deterioration whereas it has been noticed[1] that even slight media degradation in digital recordings may cause them to suffer from an "all or nothing" failure, i.e. the digital recording will end up being totally un-playable without very expensive restoration work.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bearing False Witness

Bearing False Witness

Bearing False Witness, CAMERA's monograph about Jimmy Carter's Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid is available for purchase on Amazon.

This volume reviews many of the material errors made in Jimmy Carter's book which are often repeated in his interviews and other writing. It includes articles by a number of expert analysts who examine Carter's policies, statements and perspectives. Kenneth Stein, Dennis Ross, Michael Oren, Alan Dershowitz, Melvin Konner and Rachel Ehrenfeld are among the contributors who offer important insight about the former president's lamentable distortions.

The book is an opportunity to restate essential facts and to underscore the need for reform of publishing houses, such as Simon and Schuster, that violate basic standards of accuracy, while promoting and profiting from such non-fiction books.

Video camera

A video camera is a camera used for electronic motion picture acquisition, initially developed by the television industry but now common in other applications as well. The earliest video cameras were those of John Logie Baird, based on the electromechanical Nipkow disk and used by the BBC in experimental broadcasts through the 1930s. All-electronic designs based on the cathode ray tube, such as Vladimir Zworykin's Iconoscope and Philo T. Farnsworth's Image dissector, supplanted the Baird system by the 1940s and remained in wide use until the 1980s, when cameras based on solid-state image sensors such as CCDs (and later CMOS active pixel sensors) eliminated common problems with tube technologies such as burn-in and made digital video workflow practical.

Video cameras are used primarily in two modes. The first, characteristic of much early television, is what might be called a live broadcast, where the camera feeds real time images directly to a screen for immediate observation; in addition to live television production, such usage is characteristic of security, military/tactical, and industrial operations where surreptitious or remote viewing is required. The second is to have the images recorded to a storage device for archiving or further processing; videotape is traditional for this purpose, but optical disc media, hard disk, and flash memory are all used as well. Recorded video is used not only in television and film production, but also surveillance and monitoring tasks where unattended recording of a situation is required for later analysis.

Modern video cameras have numerous designs and uses, not all of which resemble the early television cameras.

• Professional video cameras, such as those used in television and sometimes film production; these may be studio-based or mobile. Such cameras generally offer extremely fine-grained manual control for the camera operator, often to the exclusion of automated operation.
• Camcorders, which combine a camera and a VCR or other recording device in one unit; these are mobile, and are widely used for television production, home movies, electronic news gathering (including citizen journalism), and similar applications.
• Closed-circuit television cameras, generally used for security, surveillance, and/or monitoring purposes. Such cameras are designed to be small, easily hidden, and able to operate unattended; those used in industrial or scientific settings are often meant for use in environments that are normally inaccessible or uncomfortable for humans, and are therefore hardened for such hostile environments (e.g. radiation, high heat, or toxic chemical exposure). Webcams can be considered a type of CCTV camera.
• Digital cameras which convert the signal directly to a digital output; such cameras are often extremely small, even smaller than CCTV security cameras, and are often used as webcams or optimized for still-camera use. These cameras are sometimes incorporated directly into computer or communications hardware, particularly mobile phones, PDAs, and some models of laptop computer. Larger video cameras (especially camcorders and CCTV cameras) can also be used as webcams or for other digital input, though such units may need to pass their output through an analog-to-digital converter in order to store the output or send it to a wider network.
• Special systems, like those used for scientific research, e.g. on board a satellite or a spaceprobe, or in artificial intelligence and robotics research. Such cameras are often tuned for non-visible light such as infrared (for night vision and heat sensing) or X-ray (for medical and astronomical use).

Common issues with video camera systems

Some people find video to have a grainy and less desirable look than film, and indeed a great many music videos have traditionally been shot on film rather than videotape(cyclops). With the rise of digital video, however, it has become practical to emulate the "film look" using progressive scan and improved telecine techniques. Many television shows (and even theatrical movies) which would in the past have been shot on film are now done using video, and the capability to do this exists even in some high-end consumer/prosumer equipment.

When imaging a separate video source (i.e. a computer monitor or television, usually one that produces a scanned image), there is often substantial visual artifacting (rolling bars on the monitor screen, for example) generated by differing timing signals between the monitor and the camera. This is generally only an issue with CRT displays and is not common on non-scanning displays such as LCD units.

Similar to audio equipment, video cameras are subject to optical feedback effects. This has sometimes been used to create special video effects (most notably the titles of the first seasons of Doctor Who, ultimately refined into the Tom Baker-era "time vortex" graphic). A more common effect is sometimes referred to as an "endless hallway", that is, an infinite regression consisting of the screen showing pictures of itself; certain stroboscopic effects (shown in a montage in Douglas Hofstadter's Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid) are also possible when the camera creating the feedback is in motion relative to the screen.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Toy camera

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China's Holga camera takes medium-format photographs on 120 film.

The Diana camera, a classic that was made in Hong Kong in the 1960s and 1970s.

Toy cameras are simple, inexpensive film box cameras made almost entirely out of plastic, often including the lens. The term is misleading, since they are not 'toys' in the sense that these cameras are actually capable of taking photographs. Many were made to be given away as novelties or prizes. The Diana, an inexpensive 1960s 4x4cm novelty box camera from Hong Kong, is typically the camera most associated with the term 'toy camera'. Other cameras, such as the LOMO LC-A, Lubitel, and Holga, while originally intended as consumer, mass-market cameras, have also become identified with the term.

Many professional photographers have utilized toy cameras and the often strange optical effects of their inexpensive lenses to take award-winning photographs. Toy camera photography has been widely exhibited at many popular art shows, such as the annual Krappy Kamera show at the Soho Photo Gallery in the TriBeCa neighborhood of New York City. Various publications such as Photography magazine have extolled the virtues of the Diana camera in its own right as an "art" producing image maker. Several books have also featured the work of toy cameras, such as The Friends of Photography's "The Diana Show", "Iowa" by Nancy Rexroth, and "Angels at the Arno" by Eric Lindbloom.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Camera

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Camera (disambiguation).

A modern single-lens reflex camera

Left to right: an Agfa box camera, a Polaroid Land camera, and a Yashica 35 mm SLR

A camera is a device used to capture images, either as still photographs or as sequences of moving images (movies or videos). The term comes from the camera obscura (Latin for "dark chamber"), an early mechanism of projecting images where an entire room functioned as a real-time imaging system; the modern camera evolved from the camera obscura.

Cameras may work with the light of the visible spectrum or with other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A camera generally consists of an enclosed hollow with an opening (aperture) at one end for light to enter, and a recording or viewing surface for capturing the light at the other end. A majority of cameras have a lens positioned in front of the camera's opening to gather the incoming light and focus all or part of the image on the recording surface. The diameter of the aperture is often controlled by a diaphragm mechanism, but some cameras have a fixed-size aperture.

History

Main article: History of the camera

Camera obscura.

The forerunner to the camera was the camera obscura. The camera obscura is an instrument consisting of a darkened chamber or box, into which light is admitted through a convex lens, forming an image of external objects on a surface of paper or glass, etc., placed at the focus of the lens.^[1] The camera obscura was first invented by the Iraqi scientist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) as described in his Book of Optics (1015-1021).^[2] English scientist Robert Boyle and his assistant Robert Hooke later developed a portable camera obscura in the 1660s.^[3]

The first camera that was small and portable enough to be practical for photography was built by Johann Zahn in 1685, though it would be almost 150 years before technology caught up to the point where this was practical. Early photographic cameras were essentially similar to Zahn's model, though usually with the addition of sliding boxes for focusing. Before each exposure, a sensitized plate would be inserted in front of the viewing screen to record the image. Jacques Daguerre's popular daguerreotype process utilized copper plates, while the calotype process invented by William Fox Talbot recorded images on paper.

The first permanent colour photograph, taken by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861.

The first permanent photograph was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce using a sliding wooden box camera made by Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris. Niépce built on a discovery by Johann Heinrich Schultz (1724): a silver and chalk mixture darkens under exposure to light. However, while this was the birth of photography, the camera itself can be traced back much further. Before the invention of photography, there was no way to preserve the images produced by these cameras apart from manually tracing them.

The development of the collodion wet plate process by Frederick Scott Archer in 1850 cut exposure times dramatically, but required photographers to prepare and develop their glass plates on the spot, usually in a mobile darkroom. Despite their complexity, the wet-plate ambrotype and tintype processes were in widespread use in the latter half of the 19th century. Wet plate cameras were little different from previous designs, though there were some models, such as the sophisticated Dubroni of 1864, where the sensitizing and developing of the plates could be carried out inside the camera itself rather than in a separate darkroom. Other cameras were fitted with multiple lenses for making cartes de visite. It was during the wet plate era that the use of bellows for focusing became widespread.

The first colour photograph was made by James Clerk Maxwell, with the help of Thomas Sutton, in 1861^[4]

Mechanic

Image capture

19th century studio camera, with bellows for focusing.

Traditional cameras capture light onto photographic film or photographic plate. Video and digital cameras use electronics, usually a charge coupled device (CCD) or sometimes a CMOS sensor to capture images which can be transferred or stored in tape or computer memory inside the camera for later playback or processing.

Cameras that capture many images in sequence are known as movie cameras or as ciné cameras in Europe; those designed for single images are still cameras. However these categories overlap, as still cameras are often used to capture moving images in special effects work and modern digital cameras are often able to trivially switch between still and motion recording modes. A video camera is a category of movie camera that captures images electronically (either using analogue or digital technology).

Focus

Auto-focus systems can capture a subject a variety of ways; here, the focus is on the person's image in the mirror.

Due to the optical properties of photographic lenses, only objects within an exact range of distances from the camera will be reproduced clearly. The process of adjusting this range is known as changing the camera's focus. There are various ways of focusing a camera accurately. The simplest cameras have fixed focus and use a small aperture and wide-angle lens to ensure that everything within a certain range of distance from the lens, usually around 3 metres (10 ft) to infinity, is in reasonable focus. Fixed focus cameras are usually inexpensive types, such as single-use cameras. The camera can also have a limited focusing range or scale-focus that is indicated on the camera body. The user will guess or calculate the distance to the subject and adjust the focus accordingly. On some cameras this is indicated by symbols (head-and-shoulders; two people standing upright; one tree; mountains).

Rangefinder cameras allow the distance to objects to be measured by means of a coupled parallax unit on top of the camera, allowing the focus to be set with accuracy. Single-lens reflex cameras allow the photographer to determine the focus and composition visually using the objective lens and a moving mirror to project the image onto a ground glass or plastic micro-prism screen. Twin-lens reflex cameras use an objective lens and a focusing lens unit (usually identical to the objective lens) in a parallel body for composition and focusing. View cameras use a ground glass screen which is removed and replaced by either a photographic plate or a reusable holder containing sheet film before exposure. Modern cameras often offer autofocus systems to focus the camera automatically by a variety of methods.^[5]

Exposure control

The size of the aperture and the brightness of the scene controls the amount of light that enters the camera during a period of time, and the shutter controls the length of time that the light hits the recording surface. Equivalent exposures can be made with a larger aperture and a faster shutter speed or a corresponding smaller aperture and with the shutter speed slowed down.

Image gallery

Contax S—the world's first pentaprism SLR	Asahiflex	Kodak Retina IIIC	Nikon F of 1959
Voigtländer Vitoret of 1962	Silvestri Flexicam	Opened up Cine Kodak, used 35mm movie film	Voigtländer Brillant twin-lens reflex camera.